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C Chart Excel Template | Formula | Example | Calculation

07/04/202601/04/2024 by TECHIEQUALITY

C Chart Excel Template| Formula |Example |Calculation:

Hi Readers! Today, we will be discussing here on attribute type SPC chart i.e. C chart. Its formula, calculation, and industrial example. The C chart is also called the number of nonconformities chart. Where the sample size is constant. Read the below description to learn about its selection and application in industries. If you are interested in downloading the sample C Chart Excel Template then, click on the given below link.

Sample C Chart Excel Template with industrial example-Download.

Number of nonconformities chart (C Chart):

The C chart, attribute type SPC control chart, or the number of nonconformities chart is generally used to identify the common or special causes present in the process and is also used for monitoring and detecting process variation over time. It helps to determine whether the process is in a state of statistical stable or not. Overall, it indicates that special causes are present in the process or not, whether the process is under control or not, and process variability. This C chart is selected when there is a constant sample size and multiple defects per unit are present.

Selection of Attribute type SPC Control chart (C Chart):

Step-1: Data Types?

Condition: – Discrete type data (Attribute type data)

Step-2: Is the interest in nonconformities or multiple defects per unit?

Condition: – yes, multiple defects per unit

Step-3.:- Is the sample size constant?

Condition: – Yes, then use the C chart.

Description	Condition
Data Type:	Discrete type data (Attribute type data)
Is the interest in nonconformities or multiple defects per unit?	Yes, Multiple defects per unit present
Is the sample size constant?	Yes
Chart type:	C Chart

C Chart Formula:

The three important things need to be calculated before plotting the C chart i.e. [1] Centerline, [2] Upper control limit, & [3] lower control limit.

Centerline (CL) or C bar = Total number of nonconformities or defects / Number of samples

Upper control limit (UCL) = C-bar + 3 x Square root of C-bar

Lower control limit (LCL) = C-bar – 3 x Square root of C-bar

	The formula of C chart
CL or C- bar =	Total number of nonconformities or defects / Number of samples
UCL =	C-bar + 3 x Square root of C-bar
LCL =	C-bar – 3 x Square root of C-bar

How to plot a c chart in excel?

Here, I’m going to share my own industrial experience regarding the application and usage of a c chart in the manufacturing industry by providing a sample example for your quick learning and implementation in your organization. I have considered 50 sample sizes, and three different defects and collected the data for 30 days. Details of data are given below table.

Date	Constant sample size (n)	Defect-1	Defect-2	Defect-3	Total Defects
1	50	1	1		2
2	50	1	1	2	4
3	50	2	2	1	5
4	50	1	1		2
5	50	1	1	2	4
6	50	1	1		2
7	50	1	1	1	3
8	50	2	2	2	6
9	50	2	2	3	7
10	50	1	1	2	4
11	50	1	1	3	5
12	50	1	1	1	3
13	50	5	5	7	17
14	50	1	1		2
15	50	1	1	1	3
16	50	2	2	1	5
17	50	1	1		2
18	50	1	1	1	3
19	50	1	1	3	5
20	50	1	1		2
21	50	2	2		4
22	50	1	1		2
23	50	2	2	2	6
24	50	1	1	3	5
25	50	1	1	1	3
26	50	2	2		4
27	50	1	1	1	3
28	50	1	1		2
29	50	1	1	1	3
30	50	1	1	1	3

All the above three defects are attribute type defects. Before plotting the c chart in excel we have to calculate the three important things first, one is CL, UCL & LCL.

Calculation:

Centerline (CL) or C-bar:

Formula = Total number of nonconformities or defects / Number of samples

CL = 121 / 30 =4.033

UCL (Upper control limit):

Formula = C-bar + 3 x Square root of C-bar

UCL = 4.033 + 3* Square root of 4.033

UCL = 4.033+3*2.008

UCL = 10.0577

UCL = 10.058

LCL (Lower control limit):

LCL = C-bar – 3 x Square root of C-bar

LCL = 4.033 – 3* Square root of 4.033

LCL = 4.033-3*2.008

LCL = 4.033-6.024

LCL = -1.991 (the value is negative so LCL is Zero)

LCL = 0.00

	Calculation value
CL =	4.033
UCL =	10.058
LCL =	0

Follow the below step to plot the c chart in excel:

Step-1: open the excel sheet.

Step-2: Do the data entry on the Excel sheet.

Step-3: Select the data and then go to the insert option in the main menu and next to select line chart. The detail is mentioned in the below image.

C Chart:

With the help of the above data, we have plotted the c chart, which is given below. if you would like to download the C Chart Excel Template then, click here.

Interpretation of the above C Chart:

In the above C chart, we have seen that one defect value is beyond the upper control limit. It means on day-13 special cause was present in the process, so we have to take the action on it to control the process.

Free Templates / Formats of QM: we have published some free templates or formats related to Quality Management with manufacturing / industrial practical examples for better understanding and learning. if you have not yet read these free template articles/posts then, you could visit our “Template/Format” section. Thanks for reading…keep visiting techiequality.com

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Process Performance (Pp) & Ppk Excel Template |DOWNLOAD

07/04/202623/02/2024 by TECHIEQUALITY

Process Performance Excel Template (Pp & Ppk Format) | DOWNLOAD

Process Performance Excel Template: According to the SPC (Statistical Process Control Manual), the process Performance (Pp) compares the process performance of the process to the maximum allowable variation as indicated by the tolerance. The Pp (Process Performance) provides a measure of how well the process will satisfy the variability requirements. And the Index of process performance is termed as Ppk. It takes the process location as well as the performance into account. Download the Excel Template /Format of Pp & Ppk from the below link.

DOWNLOAD Excel Template/Format of Pp & Ppk calculation with Example.

How to use the Pp & Ppk Excel Format in your process to calculate the index value?

1: Download the Template/ Format from the above links.

2: Read the note mentioned in the Excel template.

3: Only the yellow colour box (mentioned in format) is changeable and other values will calculate automatically.

The formula of Pp (Process Performance):

Pp = ((USL-LSL)/ (6 X S))

[Where USL=Upper specification limit, LSL=Lower specification limit and S= Standard Deviation]

The formula of Ppk (Process Performance Index):

Ppk = Minimum of PPU or PPL

PPU= ((USL-Average of average)/ (3 X S))

PPL= ((Average of average-LSL)/ (3 X S))

Note: Pp ≥ Ppk.

Example:

Company XYZ pvt ltd is interested to know the process performance of moulding process that, how well the process is performing and satisfies the variability requirements of mould hardness. The process engineer has collected the total 100 numbers of readings considering with subgroup size 5. Readings are given below;

Sl.No.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Subgroup1	63.00	61.00	65.00	62.00	65.00	63.00	65.00	64.00	63.00	65.00
Subgroup2	63.00	62.00	64.00	62.00	66.00	64.00	65.00	62.00	64.00	62.00
Subgroup3	62.00	63.00	65.00	65.00	65.00	62.00	62.00	65.00	62.00	62.00
Subgroup4	63.00	66.00	64.00	64.00	65.00	63.00	62.00	63.00	65.00	64.00
Subgroup5	64.00	65.00	63.00	63.00	65.00	62.00	62.00	62.00	62.00	62.00

11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
61.00	63.00	62.00	63.00	62.00	66.00	62.00	62.00	63.00	65.00
64.00	63.00	63.00	63.00	62.00	65.00	67.00	62.00	64.00	64.00
62.00	68.00	65.00	66.00	64.00	64.00	64.00	64.00	62.00	65.00
63.00	68.00	64.00	68.00	64.00	66.00	67.00	64.00	63.00	64.00
62.00	64.00	63.00	64.00	62.00	65.00	62.00	65.00	62.00	63.00

Characteristics	Mould Hardness
Process:	Moulding Process

USL	70
LSL	60
Pp	1.06
Ppk	0.8

In the above example, the value of Ppk (0.8) is indicating that the process needs further improvement. The start-up process requires at least 1.33 and next to 1.67 and 2 onward.

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Process Capability Analysis | Cp & Cpk Calculation Excel Sheet with Example

07/04/202610/02/2024 by TECHIEQUALITY

Process Capability Analysis | Cp & Cpk Calculation Excel Sheet with Example

Process Capability Analysis: – The Process Capability (Cp) and Process Capability Index (Cpk) are the important tools, which give an Idea about the Process Capability of a Stable Process. Here we will discuss on Calculation of Cp and Cpk with Examples. We are offering here Process Capability Excel Template / Format for you, hence click on the below links to Download the Excel Format.

DOWNLOAD (Cp & Cpk Excel Template / Format-Sample copy)

Process Capability (Cp):

Process Capability (Cp) is a statistical measurement of a process’s ability to produce parts within specified limits on a consistent basis
It gives us an idea about the width of the Bell curve.
The Process Capability for a stable process is typically defined as ((USL-LSL)/ (6 x Standard Deviation)).

Cpk-Process Capability Index :

It shows how closely a process is able to produce the output to its overall specifications.
More Value of Cpk means more process capable.
The Process Capability Index for a stable process is typically defined as the minimum of CPU or CPL.

Process Capability Analysis:

Industrial Example:

As per the Quality Assurance Plan, The shift engineers of Core Shop have started collecting the readings of the scratch hardness of Core. Given below are the details of Product Characteristics;

Specification of Scratch hardness is 70±10.

The Upper Specification Limit is 80.

The Lower Specification Limit is 60.

Tolerance is 20.

Scratch hardness readings Table:

Table-1

Sl.No.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
SG 1	72.00	71.00	72.00	71.00	72.00	71.00	73.00	71.00	72.00	73.00
SG2	71.00	72.00	72.00	72.00	72.00	72.00	72.00	73.00	73.00	71.00
SG 3	72.00	72.00	71.00	71.00	71.00	73.00	72.00	72.00	71.00	73.00
SG4	70.00	70.00	70.00	70.00	71.00	70.00	71.00	70.00	71.00	70.00
SG 5	72.00	72.00	72.00	72.00	72.00	72.00	72.00	71.00	72.00	71.00

Table-1 [Scratch hardness readings Table]

Table-2

Sl.No.	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
SG1	71.00	72.00	71.00	71.00	72.00	73.00	71.00	72.00	73.00	71.00
SG2	72.00	73.00	73.00	72.00	71.00	72.00	71.00	73.00	71.00	70.00
SG3	72.00	71.00	73.00	72.00	72.00	72.00	71.00	71.00	71.00	70.00
SG4	71.00	70.00	71.00	70.00	70.00	71.00	70.00	71.00	71.00	70.00
SG5	70.00	70.00	71.00	71.00	72.00	71.00	72.00	71.00	71.00	72.00

Table-2 [Scratch hardness readings Table]

In the above two tables (Table-1 &2), we have taken the 100 readings i.e. (20 times X 5 readings at a time).

Range=Maximum Value-Minimum Value

Average of Range=2.15

Value of d2=2.326 (For Subgroup size 5)

USL = 80, LSL = 60.

Standard Deviation:

= Average of Range/d2

2.15/2.326

=0.92

Process Capability (Cp):

= ((USL-LSL)/ (6 x Standard Deviation))

(80-60)/ (6 x 0.92)

20/5.52

= 3.61

Process Capability Index (Cpk):

CPU:

= ((USL-Average of Mean)/3 x Standard Deviation)

(80-71.43)/ (3 x 0.92)

8.57/ 2.76

= 3.10

CPL:

= ((Average of Mean-LSL)/3 x Standard Deviation)

(71.43-60)/ 2.76

10.4211.43/2.76

=4.14

Cpk= 3.10 (minimum of CPU or CPL).

After doing the Process Capability Analysis on Scratch hardness readings, we got the below result value:

Characteristics: Scratch Hardness

Cp (Process Capability) = 3.61

Cpk (Process Capability Index) = 3.10

[ Cp & CpK ]

Process Capability Analysis with Manufacturing Example

The process engineer has collected the 100 nos laddle temperature reading and the same is mentioned in the below table.

Laddle Temperature Specification= 600 ± 15°C

USL = 615

LSL = 585

Table-1

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
S1	605	599	610	605	603	604	600	609	605	601
S2	603	601	612	599	601	598	603	610	603	598
S3	604	598	609	610	612	609	605	612	604	603
S4	600	603	605	598	599	610	598	609	600	610
S5	602	602	607	609	605	612	599	605	609	603
Max.	605	603	612	610	612	612	605	612	609	610
Min.	600	598	605	598	599	598	598	605	600	598
Range	5	5	7	12	13	14	7	7	9	12
Average of Range	9.85
Mean	602.8	600.6	608.6	604.2	604	606.6	601	609	604.2	603
Average of Mean	603.92

Table-2

	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
S1	599	601	602	604	598	598	609	598	600	598
S2	610	598	602	603	603	603	605	603	603	610
S3	598	603	607	598	610	607	612	607	605	598
S4	609	610	609	603	603	598	604	598	607	602
S5	600	603	605	607	598	610	603	610	598	603
Max.	610	610	609	607	610	610	612	610	607	610
Min.	598	598	602	598	598	598	603	598	598	598
Range	12	12	7	9	12	12	9	12	9	12
Mean	603.2	603	605	603	602.4	603.2	606.6	603.2	602.6	602.2

d2=2.326

Standard Deviation = Average of Range / d2 = 4.23

Cp = (USL-LSL)/6*Standard Deviation = 1.2

CPU = ((USL-Average of Mean)/3 x Standard Deviation) = 0.872

CPL = ((Average of Mean-LSL)/3 x Standard Deviation) = 1.489

CpK = 0.872(minimum of CPU or CPL).

Note: Download the Cp & Cpk excel template or format and deploy it in manufacturing process. downloading links are provided at top of this Article.

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FAQ:

What is the difference between Cp & Cpk?

Ans.: Cp & CpK are termed as process capability and process capability index. In both cases, we would like to verify whether the process can meet the customer’s requirements or not. Generally, it is used when the process is under stable & statically control.

What is the formula of Cp & Cpk?

Cp= ((USL-LSL)/ (6 x Standard Deviation)) , where USL=Upper Specification Limit & LSL=Lower Specification Limit.

Cpk= Minimum of CPU or CPL, where CPU= ((USL-Average of Mean)/3 x Standard Deviation) & CPL= ((Average of Mean-LSL)/3 x Standard Deviation)

What are the good values of Cpk?

Generally, the customers provide the Cpk value to their supplier to maintain it in their manufacturing process. but for your knowledge, a Cpk value of 2 or greater than 2 is an excellent one.

What is cpk?

The cpk is the process capability index which shows how closely a process is able to produce the output to its overall specifications.

What is the IATF 16949 requirement of Statistical Concepts or SPC?

Application of statistical concepts in the IATF 16949 standard has been mentioned in Clause no-9.1.1.3, both Control chart (variable and Attribute) and process capability are the mandatory requirements. The application of statistical concepts shall be understood and used by the employees involved. We have published a separate article on Control Charts for our readers and you can Download Control Chart Excel Template / Format.

Control Chart Excel Template | How to Plot Control Chart in Excel | Download Template

07/04/202606/02/2024 by TECHIEQUALITY

Control Chart Excel Template |How to Plot Control Chart in Excel | Download Template:

Hi! Reader, today we will guide you on how to plot a control chart in Excel with an example. To take more concentration on Process Improvement, the control chart always takes vital rules to identify the Special causes and common causes in Process Variation. Control Chart Excel Template is available here; just download it by clicking on the below link.

Download the Control Chart Excel Template.

[Figure 1-X- Bar Control Chart Excel Template]

[Figure 2-R-Control Chart Excel Template]

A Control Chart is a graphic representation of a characteristic of a process, showing plotted values of some statistic gathered from that characteristic, a centerline, and one or two control limits. It has two basic uses as an adjustment to determine if a process has been operating in statistical control and to aid in maintaining statistical control.

Control Chart Approach for Continual Process Improvement:

Data Collection.
Control.
Analysis and Improvement.

Data Collection:-

To Collect Data and Plot the Control Chart.

Control:-

Calculate control limits from process data.
Identify Special Causes of Variation and Act upon them.

Analysis & Improvement:-

Quantify Common Cause Variation, and take action to reduce it.

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How to Create Control Chart Excel Template| Step-by-Step Guides (X-Bar & Range Chart) with Example:

Step-1: Collect The Data day-wise/shift-wise.

As you can see in the above figure, we have collected data with a sample size of 5 for A-Shift with frequency (5 samples per 2 hours). So we have only one shift data for 5 days. Total 100 number observations. You are supposed to collect the data as per the Control Plan or Quality Assurance Plan.

Step-2: Select the Data types and applicable Control Chart.

So we have variable type data and the sample size is 5. Hence the applicable Chart is the Average and Range Chart (X-Bar & Range).

Step-3: According to data type and Sample size, presently we are going to plot the X-Bar & R-Chart. So individually we will plot both charts (X-Bar Chart & Range Chart). First, we will plot the X-bar chart and then the R-chart.

3.1 X-Bar Chart:

Before we start, just go through the green highlighted terms in the above figure as [1] Average

[2] X-Double Bar means an average of average. [3] Standard Deviation. [4] UCL. [5] LCL.

Calculation:

[1] Average:

Make sure that your attention is now on the right side corner of the above figure. To calculate the average value of individual subgroup size. You have to type as (=average)and then double click on the average function and next select the sample value from x1 to x5.

[2] X-Double Bar: After calculating the Average value of all Subgroups (Individual Date wise), now we have to calculate the average of Average (Average of X-Bar).

[3] Standard Deviation: Standard Deviation of Average (X-Bar),

Type as (=Stdev) and select all X-Bar Data to Calculate the Std. Dev. of Average.

[4] UCL:

UCL=X Double Bar +3*Sigma

UCL= X Double Bar +3*Standard Deviation

For the calculation of the UCL in Excel use the above formula.

[5]LCL:

LCL=X Double Bar -3*Sigma

LCL= X Double Bar -3*Standard Deviation

Use the above Formula in Excel.

3.11 Plot X-Bar Chart: This is the last step to plot the X-Bar Chart by using Line Graph in Excel, follow the below steps:

Simply Follow Sl. No.1 to 4.

In Sl. No.1, Select X-Bar, X-Double Bar, UCL, LCL, and then select Insert Option and next to Line Chart. After selecting the Line Graph/Chart, The X-Bar Control Chart Excel Template will be ready as below.

3.2 Range Chart:

To Plot the R-Control Chart, we have to calculate the [1] Range. [2] R-Bar (Average of Range). [3]UCL. [4]LCL.

[1] Range: R=Max. Value – Min. Value of Subgroup.

[2] R- Bar (Average of Range): Put the Excel formula of average.

[3] UCL:

UCL= D4 x R-Bar

UCL= 2.114 x R-Bar Value of individual Subgroup. (Note for Subgroup Size 5, D4=2.114).

Use this formula in Excel to calculate the UCL.

[4] LCL:

LCL=D3 x R-Bar

LCL=0 (Note Foe subgroup size 5, D3=0)

Simply put the “0” in the Excel sheet.

3.22 Plot R-Chart: Just follow steps 1 to 3, and select the line chart.

In step-1, you have to select the “Range, R-Bar, UCL, and LCL” simultaneously and then select the Line Chart, after selecting the line chart R-Control Chart Excel Template will be ready as below

FAQ:

Q1: What are control chart rules?

A1: Read the full article “What is SPC”.

Q2: How to add upper and lower control limits in Excel?

A2: Carefully read the aforesaid Articles.

Q3: How to create a control chart in Excel 2013?

A3: Step by Step guide is described above with Statistical process control chart examples. Please go through it.

Q4: How to create a Six Sigma control chart in Excel?

A4: Control charts are classified into two types [1] Variable type and [2] Attribute Type. Both two types are further classified into several as

[1]Variable types

X and MR Chart
X-Bar and Range
X-Bar and S

[2] Attribute Chart

np-chart
p-chart
u-chart
c-chart

In the above articles, we have described only how to create an X-bar and range type Control Chart in Excel with a process control chart example. As you can see all these above types of control charts are used in Six Sigma projects but the applicable chart depends on Data type and Subgroup size (Sample size).

Q5: How to calculate upper and lower control limits (UCL & LCL) in Excel?

A5: For X-Bar Chart-UCL:

UCL=X Double Bar +3*Sigma

UCL= X Double Bar +3*Standard Deviation

For the calculation of the UCL in Excel, use the above formula.

LCL:

LCL=X Double Bar -3*Sigma

LCL= X Double Bar -3*Standard Deviation

Use the above Formula in Excel.

For R-Chart:

UCL:

UCL= D4 x R-Bar

UCL= 2.114 x R-Bar Value of individual Subgroup. (Note for Subgroup Size 5, D4=2.114).

Use this formula in Excel to calculate the UCL.

LCL:

LCL=D3 x R-Bar

LCL=0 (Note Foe subgroup size 5, D3=0)

Simply put the “0” in the Excel sheet.

Q6: What are the types of control charts?

A6: [1] Variable types

X and MR Chart
X-Bar and Range
X-Bar and S

[2] Attribute Chart

np-chart
p-chart
u-chart
c-chart

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